Urinary tract infection [top]

• Dysuria, urinary frequency

• Painful haematuria

• Lower abdominal pain

• Fever, confusion in the elderly, urinary incontinence

Bladder stone [top]

• Recurrent Dysuria, urinary frequency

• Recurrent urinary tract infections

• Haematuria

• Lower abdominal pain

Uterine prolapse [top]

• Cervix present within vagina

• Urinary incontinence

• Dysuria

Prostatic hypertrophy [top]

• Urinary frequency, hesistancy, terminal dribbling, poor stream

• Urinary incontinence

• Palpable prostate on rectal examination

Bladder spasticity [top]

• Urinary frequency

• Caused by upper motor neurone injury - usually associated hyperreflexia and spasticity in lower limbs